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<p><b>New page</b></p><div>'''Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky''' was a Russian composer of the Romantic period who is known for his symphonies, his ballets, and his operas. His music is celebrated for its emotional intensity and its melodic invention.<br />
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== Early Life and Education ==<br />
Tchaikovsky was born in Votkinsk in 1840, the son of a mining engineer. He studied at the Imperial School of Jurisprudence and worked as a clerk in the Ministry of Justice.<br />
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He abandoned his career in the civil service to study the music at the Saint Petersburg Conservatory. He was a pupil of Anton Rubinstein and took his diploma in 1865.<br />
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He was appointed a professor at the Moscow Conservatory and began to compose the symphonies and the operas. He was supported by the patron Nadezhda von Meck.<br />
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== The Ballets ==<br />
Tchaikovsky composed the music for three great ballets. Swan Lake was produced in 1877 and was not at first a success.<br />
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The Sleeping Beauty was produced in 1890 and The Nutcracker in 1892. The ballets are among the most performed and the most loved of the repertoire.<br />
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The music of the ballets is celebrated for its melody and its orchestration. The dances of the ballets are the standard of the classical ballet.<br />
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The Nutcracker became a tradition of the Christmas season throughout the world. The suite of the dances is one of the most popular of the concert works.<br />
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== The Symphonies and the Concertos ==<br />
Tchaikovsky composed six symphonies, of which the fourth, the fifth, and the sixth are the most famous. The sixth, the Pathétique, was his last work.<br />
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The Piano Concerto No. 1 and the Violin Concerto are among the most performed of the concertos. The works display the brilliant writing for the solo instruments.<br />
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The Romeo and Juliet Fantasy Overture and the 1812 Overture are the popular orchestral works. The 1812 Overture uses the cannons and the bells.<br />
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The music is characterised by the emotional intensity and the sweeping melodies. The orchestration is rich and the harmonic language is bold.<br />
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== The Later Years and the Legacy ==<br />
Tchaikovsky was troubled by the conflict over his homosexuality and by the depression. The support of Nadezhda von Meck ended in 1890.<br />
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He toured Europe and the United States as a conductor. He received the honours from the Russian and the foreign societies.<br />
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He died in 1893 in Saint Petersburg, nine days after the premiere of the Pathétique. The cause of the death was reported as the cholera.<br />
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He is regarded as one of the greatest composers of the Romantic period. His works remain central to the repertoire of the orchestras and the ballet companies.<br />
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== The Operas ==<br />
Tchaikovsky composed several operas, of which Eugene Onegin and The Queen of Spades are the most famous. The works are based on the literature of Pushkin.<br />
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He composed the ballets Swan Lake, The Sleeping Beauty, and The Nutcracker. The ballets are among the most performed of the repertoire.<br />
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He composed the symphonies, of which the sixth, the Pathétique, is the most famous. The work was his last composition.<br />
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== The Music and the Style ==<br />
Tchaikovsky's music is characterised by the emotional intensity and the melodic invention. The orchestration is rich and the harmonic language is bold.<br />
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He drew on the Russian folk music and the European tradition. The works combine the national and the international elements.<br />
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He toured Europe and the United States as a conductor. He received the honours from the Russian and the foreign societies.<br />
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== The Honours and the Memory ==<br />
Tchaikovsky received the Order of Saint Vladimir and the honours from the foreign societies. He was elected a member of the French Academy of Fine Arts.<br />
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The Tchaikovsky Competition in Moscow is one of the most prestigious of the music competitions. The competition is named in his honour.<br />
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He is regarded as one of the greatest composers of the Romantic period. His works remain central to the repertoire of the orchestras and the ballet companies.<br />
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== The Patronage and the Support ==<br />
Tchaikovsky was supported by the patron Nadezhda von Meck for fourteen years. She provided the financial support and the encouragement.<br />
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The relationship was conducted through the letters and the two never met in person. The correspondence is an important source for the life of the composer.<br />
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The support ended in 1890 for the reasons that remain unclear. The parting affected him deeply.<br />
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== The Personal Life ==<br />
Tchaikovsky was troubled by the conflict over his homosexuality. The marriage of 1877 was a brief and the unhappy episode.<br />
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He was the recipient of the honours from the Russian and the foreign societies. He was a member of the French Academy of Fine Arts.<br />
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He toured Europe and the United States as a conductor. He died in 1893 in Saint Petersburg nine days after the premiere of the Pathétique.<br />
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== See also ==<br />
* Romantic music<br />
* Ballet<br />
* Symphony<br />
* The Nutcracker<br />
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== References ==<br />
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<ref name="r1">Brown, David. Tchaikovsky: The Man and His Music. London: Faber and Faber, 2006.</ref><br />
<ref name="r2">Poznansky, Alexander. Tchaikovsky: The Quest for the Inner Man. New York: Schirmer Books, 1991.</ref><br />
<ref name="r3">Wiley, Roland John. Tchaikovsky's Ballets. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1985.</ref><br />
<ref name="r4">Tchaikovsky, Modeste. The Life and Letters of Peter Ilich Tchaikovsky. London: John Lane, 1906.</ref><br />
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[[Category:Music]]<br />
[[Category:Composers]]<br />
[[Category:Russia]]</div>Huhu