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'''Nawal El Saadawi''' the Egyptian physician, psychiatrist and writer (1931-2021) whose lifelong campaign against the oppression of women, expressed in novels, essays and medical practice, made her one of the most prominent Arab feminists of the twentieth century.

== Early Life and Education ==
Nawal El Saadawi was born on 27 October 1931 in Kafr Tahla, a village in the Nile Delta of Egypt, one of nine children in a relatively progressive family. Her father was a government official and her mother came from a landowning family, and both encouraged her education at a time when schooling for girls was far from universal.

As a girl she witnessed the practices, including female genital cutting and early marriage, that would later become central subjects of her writing. She has described an early awareness of the injustice done to women and a determination to escape the confinement that village life imposed. She resisted the attempt to end her education and went on to study medicine.

She entered Cairo University and graduated in medicine in 1955, then worked as a physician in rural areas and in the cities. She later specialised in psychiatry, studied at Columbia University in New York, and became a lecturer and then a practising psychiatrist. Her medical training gave her a scientific authority that she brought to her writing on health, the body and the condition of women.

== Writing and the Turn to Feminism ==
Her first book, a collection of short stories called I Learned Love, appeared in 1957, while she was still working as a doctor. She went on to publish many works of fiction and non-fiction, and in 1972 her study Women and Sex, a frank discussion of female sexuality, religion and the female body, provoked a storm of criticism and led to her dismissal from her government post.

She was appointed director of health education in the Ministry of Health in the early 1970s, but her unflinching treatment of taboo subjects, female genital cutting, prostitution, honour killings and domestic violence, brought her into conflict with the authorities. She was removed from her position and the journal she edited was closed, and she was briefly imprisoned in 1981 during a wave of arrests of political dissidents under President Anwar Sadat.

Her experience of prison became the material of Memoirs from the Women's Prison, an account of the months she spent detained with other women. The book is at once a personal narrative and a portrait of the solidarity and suffering of the women held with her, and it deepened her conviction that the oppression of women and political repression were connected forms of injustice.

== The Novels and the Voice of Arab Women ==
She is best known for her novel Woman at Point Zero, published in 1975. It is based on her encounter with a woman on death row, and it tells the story of Firdaus, a woman who moves from abuse and poverty through exploitation into work and marriage, and who is finally condemned for killing a man. The narrative gives voice to a woman whom society has used and discarded, and it has become a central text of Arabic women's writing.

Her other novels include Two Women in One, The Circling Song, God Dies by the Nile, The Fall of the Imam and Love in the Kingdom of Oil, works that combine social criticism with myth, satire and a fierce poetic energy. She also wrote plays, short stories and essays. Her fiction often uses the lives of individual women to expose the wider structures of power in family, state and religion.

She wrote in Arabic, and her work has been translated into many languages, making her one of the most widely read Arab writers in the world. Her frankness and her refusal of euphemism marked her as a controversial figure in Egypt and beyond, and her books were sometimes censored or banned. She continued to write throughout her life, publishing prolifically into her eighties.

== Activism and the Defence of Women's Rights ==
El Saadawi combined her writing with a life of activism. She founded organisations for the defence of women and the Arab Women's Solidarity Association, and she campaigned against female genital cutting, which she herself had undergone as a child and which she fought to have criminalised. She also spoke about the changing political landscape of the Arab world and about the place of religion in the state.

Her criticism of religious and political authority made her enemies in several countries, and she received death threats and faced attempts to have her prosecuted. She was forced to leave Egypt at times and taught and lectured abroad, including at universities in the United States and in Africa. She returned to live in Cairo and continued to take part in public life.

Her health suffered after a serious car accident in 2002, but she continued to write and speak. Her courage in addressing subjects that many in her society preferred to ignore made her an emblematic figure for women across the Arab world and beyond, and she was widely cited as a pioneer of Arab feminist thought.

== Ideas, Influence and Legacy ==
At the centre of El Saadawi's thought is the belief that the oppression of women is a structural injustice, embedded in the family, the economy, the state and the interpretation of religion. She argued for the economic independence of women as the foundation of their freedom, and she insisted that genuine liberation required the transformation of society as a whole rather than the rescue of individuals.

She combined socialist and feminist ideas and refused the separation of the struggle for women's rights from the struggle against poverty and political repression. Her medical background informed her treatment of the body as a site of both suffering and resistance, and her writing linked the violation of women's bodies to the exercise of political power. She was critical of both conservative and secular authorities when they served the interests of the powerful.

She died on 21 March 2021 in Cairo. Her novels and essays are studied throughout the world, and Woman at Point Zero is a standard text in courses on Arabic literature and gender. She is remembered as a physician who diagnosed a social disease, as a novelist of uncommon force, and as an activist who paid a heavy personal price for speaking plainly. Her work remains a reference point for debates about women's rights in the Middle East and beyond.

== See also ==
* Woman at Point Zero
* Arab feminism
* Female genital cutting
* Egyptian literature

== References ==

<ref name="r1">Nawal El Saadawi, Woman at Point Zero, Zed Books, 1983.</ref>
<ref name="r2">Nawal El Saadawi, Memoirs from the Women's Prison, The Women's Press, 1986.</ref>
<ref name="r3">Nawal El Saadawi, The Hidden Face of Eve: Women in the Arab World, Zed Books, 1980.</ref>
<ref name="r4">Fedwa Malti-Douglas, Men, Women, and God(s): Nawal El Saadawi and Arab Feminist Poetics, University of California Press, 1995.</ref>

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[[Category:Literature]]
[[Category:Feminism]]
[[Category:Egypt]]